CLIENT SERVER & VOICE RECOGNIZATION TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION:

This paper deals with the combined technology of Client Server and the Voice Recognization Technology. If these both technology is being combined there would be a new trend of accessing the server by using the commands given by the humans.

                                                                      



WHAT IS CLIENT SERVER TECHNOLOGY?????



The Client Server relationship is meant by sending request and responding that request. The Client machine sends the request to the server machine and the server machine accepts that request and respond it by giving the necessary information which has been requested by the client. In a network, the client/server model provides a convenient way to interconnect programs that are distributed efficiency across different locations. Computer transactions using the client server model are very common in recent trends.

 BEST EXAMPLE OF CLIENT SERVER APPLICATION:

 To check our bank account from our computer, a client program in your computer forwards our request to the server program of the server in the bank. The program may in turn forward our request to its own client program of the client that in turn sends the request to the database server at another bank. Computer to retrieve the account balance. The balance is returned back to the bank data client, which in turn serves it back to the client in our personal computer, which displays the needed information for us.

VOICE RECOGNIZATION:

 Voice recognization is also known as automatic speech recognition or computer speech recognition which converts spoken words to the text. The term "Voice recognition" is the process of taking the spoken word as a input to the computer.

PROCESS:


 In this technology in which the words or phrases spoken by the humans are converted into electrical signals and these signals are transformed into coding patterns. Then these coding patterns are being used to access the datas. Several steps should be carried out to perform this process. The first step is for the user to speak in the microphone. The electrical signal from the microphone is digitized by an "Analog-to-Digital" converter, and is stored in the memory. This technique is a close analogy to the traditional command inputs from the keyboard.

 DISADVANTAGES OF THIS TECHNOLOGY:

Since each person's voice is different, the program cannot possibly contain a template for each potential user, so the program must first trained with the new user's voice input before that user's voice can be recognized by the program. During the training session the program displays a printed word or phrase, and the user speaks that word or phrase several times into a microphone. The program computes a statistical average of the multiple sample as a template in a program data structure. 


COMBINATION OF THESE TWO TECHNOLOGIES:


If these two technologies are combined we can easily access the server without using the keyboard. for an example lets take the google, if we want to search some details about any particular topic there is no need to type the topics in the search bar we have to speak out the necessary topic on the microphone. So it will be taken as the request and it will be sent to the google server. The google server will access the necessary information that we asked in the google database and we will get the necessary information from it. The important advantage is that it will be less time consuming than typing.

CONCLUSION:


Thus this technology will help us to save our precious time in this busy world. Though it is having some disadvantages it can be overcome by the use of some demultiplexer's by which all the signals which have got from the Analog-to-Digital converter can be changed into same wavelength and so the constant practice is not required as I meant in the disadvantages.






  

 





 

VOTING WITHOUT BLACK VOTES

INTRODUCTION:

This paper deals about the "VOTING WITHOUT FORGERY". The voting which is being conducted has many forgeries like voting for the person who has not even entered the polling booth, more than one vote for a same person etc. Even the Government has taken so many steps to eradicate these black votes all the steps leads to the failure. So I would like to implement a polling machine with the combined technology of  finger print identification.

If the finger print technology has been implemented with the normal polling machine I really hope that the Government of India can considerably eradicate these black votes in fore coming elections.

FINGER PRINT TECHNOLOGY:

First we will have a brief discussion about the finger print technology and how it works??

FINGER PRINT:

Fingerprints are the tiny ridges, whorls and valley patterns which are being available on the finger. They are formed by the pressure on the developing baby's finger on the womb. No two people will have the same finger prints. Fingerprints are unique. There is a chance of one in 64 billion for the matching of the fingerprint. This is the most wonderful creation of the Lord that he has drawn different designs on the finger of each individual.

Fingerprints are even more unique than the DNA that is the genetic material of our cells. Although identical twins can share the same DNA or at least most of it but they never have the same fingerprints.

CAN YOUR FINGERPRINTS BE CHANGED????

A minor scrape, scratch or even burn wont affect the structure of the ridges in the fingerprints. When the new skin reforms and grows over the wounded area the same original pattern will form on the finger. But  each ridges is connected to the inner skin by small projections called papillae. If these papillae get damaged the ridges are wiped out and the fingerprint will get destroyed.

OPTICAL SCANNER:

To detect the pattern of the fingerprints a scanner is being used. So lets discuss about the scanner which has been used for the detection of the finger prints.

The heart of an optical scanner is a Charge Coupled Device(CCD). It is nothing but the light sensor system which has been used in digital cameras and cam recorders. A CCD is an array of light sensitive diodes called photosites. These photosites generate an electrical signal and it can records the pixels. So finally the whole scanned image is being formed by the collection of light and dark pixels. The analog-to-digital converter in the scanner system processes the analog electrical signal into the digital representation of the image.

PROCESS OF THE SCANNER:

The scanning process starts when we place our finger on the glass plate and the CCD camera takes a picture. The scanner has its own light source that is the array of light emitting diodes to illuminate the ridges of the finger. The CCD system actually generates the inverted image of the finger with darker areas representing more reflected light (the ridges of the finger) and lighter areas representing less reflected light (the valleys between the ridges). Before the comparing of the scanned image to the stored data, the scanner processor makes sure that CCD has captured a clear image or not. If the images are not clear then that image will be rejected and the scanner adjusts the exposure time to let in less or more light and then tries to scan again.

BALLOT BOX:


Ballot box is nothing but the box which is used for polling the vote. The ballot box will contain the name of the member of the political party with the symbol. People who are eligible for voting will be allowed to vote and they will vote for the individual whom they prefer. The people should poll the vote by pressing the appropriate buttons which has been provided of the corresponding political parties. The person who is voting should press the buttons until they get the beep sound which indicates that their vote has been polled successfully.

The polling box control will be controlled by the election officials. Soon after the polling for a person is done they will reset the polling box for the next individual. So that if the controller of the polling box is lenient there is a possibility of lot of black votes.

HOW TO MAKE THE ELECTIONS WITHOUT BLACK VOTES???

There is a possibility to conduct elections without any black votes if we combine the above two technologies.

The polling machine which is being used now is being handled by the human and it should be designed or remodeled in the way that computer should take full control so most of the problem will get reduced.

In the same way we should merge the technology of fingerprint scanning with the polling machine. If the finger print technology has been implemented to the polling machine surely about 99% of the black votes can be avoided for sure.

STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED:

1.  Before the issuing the voter's identification people are asked to gather in person to take their photos and scan their finger for fingerprint identification along with their voter's identification.

2. The people who are eligible to vote should check their correct details in the database.

3. Separate database should be maintained for each district.

The Election committee should appoint a person who is trust worthy to take the in charge for entering the details in the database and not the local people who are in that particular locality to avoid the unwanted misbehavior which could be done in the databases.

ROLE OF ELECTION COMMITTEE:

The election committee should maintain a perfect database which contains all such details like name, voter's id number with fingerprint which has been scanned before.T

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY: 


 If the technology of the fingerprint should be implemented in the polling machine and so the voter who votes will keep his finger in the scanner which is being attached to the polling machine to scan his finger. The present fingerprint image will be compared with the fingerprint image which has been stored in the database. If both the images get matches then only the person can poll his vote else the machine will not poll his vote and indicate the message as "Invalid Vote". The number of polled votes should be checked with the total number of valid votes which are stored in the database for the verification.


CONCLUSION:

 Thus if the votes are polled in this way surely we can make our election without the black votes. Now a days, since the people became aware of the black votes and the ill legal activities which are being carried out by the political parties i really hope that people will cooperate with the preliminary steps like scanning their finger and getting their voter's identification in person. So surely this methodology will be successful if it is implemented practically.

DECOMPOSITION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES

              Radioactive wastes are usually the waste materials containing radioactive material. It is the product of a nuclear process such as nuclear fission. The issue of disposal methods for nuclear waste was one of the most pressing current problems the international nuclear industry faced while trying to establish a long term energy production plan.

              Radioactive waste typically comprises of number of radio isotopes which can be harmful to human health and to the environment.

               Exposure to high levels of radioactive waste may cause serious harm of death. Treatment of adult animal with radiation can cause cancer in animals. In human it is calculated that a 5 seivert dose is usually fatal.

               The main objective in managing and disposing or destruction of radioactive waste is to protect people and the environment.

RADIATION AFFECTED BABY

SOURCES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES:

EXPLOSION OF AN ATOMIC BOMB

NUCLEAR REACTORS

        
        Radioactive waste comes from a number of sources. The majority of waste originates from the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear weapons. Nuclear fuel cycle is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing steps. It is also called as nuclear fuel chain. Some other sources are medical and industrial wastes and naturally occurring radioactive materials concentrating as a result of the processing or consumption of coal,oil,gas and some other minerals.

TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES:

• Low level waste
• Intermediate level waste
• High level waste

LOW LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES

HIGH LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE

RADIOACTIVE WASTES ARE RICH IN:

                  The most important components which are present in the radioactive wastes are as follows. This does not mean that it is rich only in these components. If we are decomposing these components then the decomposition of the radioactive wastes will become an easier task.                                               

• Hydro carbons
• Radio isotopes
• Uranium
• Mercury
• Cyanide                                             

              The view here is to implement BIO REMEDIATION in the disposal of radioactive wastes. Bio remediation is the process that uses micro organisms to return the natural environment altered by the contaminants. So during the disposal of radioactive wastes if bio remediation is implied then it would be easy to reduce the complexity of these waste materials. Since the decomposition of the nuclear wastes are a great hazard for us if we implement this method then the disposal of the nuclear waste would be easier. Let's see some of the micro organisms that are able to decompose the compounds of the radioactive wastes.

BIO REMEDIATION

MICROBES THAT DECOMPOSES MERCURY:

                 Specific stable isotope of mercury can be degraded by a mercury resistant marine bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa CH07. By these bacteria the mercury content of the radioactive wastes can be minimized. The volatilization of the mercury content can be reduced by the activity of these bacteria.

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

MICROBES THAT DECOMPOSES HYDRO CARBONS:

                   Pseudomonas putida is a type of gram negative bacteria which can effectively degrade the content of the hydrocarbon present in the waste materials. This bacteria is aerobic in nature. These bacteria break down the hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water. Hence by using this bacteria the content of the hydrocarbon present in the radioactive waste can be considerably minimized. Bacteria's such as pseudomonas aeruginosa and serratia marcescens species can degrade the content of the hydrocarbons in an effective manner.

PSEUDOMONAS PUITDA

MICROBES THAT DECOMPOSES URANIUM:

                 There is a sulphate reducing bacteria named Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. It can reduce the amount of sulphates present in the radioactive wastes. Desulfovibrio desulfuricans rapidly reduces the uranium content from the acetate components present in the radioactive substances. Uranium here will form an aromatic complex here which can easily degrade by Shewanella alga. So to reduce the uranium present in the waste materials these bacteria's and some type of Shewanella algae should be used.

   DESULFOVIBRIO DESULFURICANS         SHEWANELLA ALGA                                                         

MICROBES THAT DECOMPOSE CYNIDE:

               The bacteria's such as Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas pickettii, Pseudomonas paucimobilis, oxidizes the cyanide, breaking it down into harmless compounds.

               These can be carried out only by the aerobic conditions. The process can be explained by the following equations. The aerobic degradation of hydrogen cyanide is given by

1.  2HCN+O2=2HCNO
2. HCNO+H2O=NH2+CO2                                                                                                                                                                                                                     The direct oxidation of cyanide produces cyanate ions and it is being given by the equation                    
3. 2CN2+O2=2CNO2

              These bacteria's can also react with cyanide in the anaerobic condition also. The process can be explained by the following equations.

1. CN2+H2S+HCNS+H2
2. HCN+HS2=HCNS+H2

             The HCNS then hydrolyze to form NH2, H2S and CO2.

KLEBSEILLA PNEUMONIA           PSEUDOMONAS PICKETTII

MICROBES DEGRADING RADIO ISOTOPES:

              The degradation of the radio isotopes can be carried out by a fungus Sporotrichum pulverlentum. These microbes can degrade the content of these radio isotopes up to less than 4%. Pseudomonas bacteria such as pseudomonas fluorescens UKI is used to degrade the methionine which is one of the important radio isotopes. Pseudomonas Sp. can metabolize not only the alpha and gamma isomers but also the beta isomers which in turn liberate chloride as a product.

PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS

DID MICROBES SURVIVE IN RADIATIONS:

              The bacteria's which are used for the degradation of the radioactive wastes will be radiation resistant. So it is known that these bacteria's can survive in radiations and do their reactions without any mutation.

MICROBES RESISTING RADIATIONS

REACTIONS:

              Mostly the reactions caused by these bacteria's are either oxidation or reduction only. Because oxidation and the reduction are the two basic reactions for all bacteria's during these actions.If so all the products formed by these bacterial actions are combined together to form a strong acid or base so that it is easy to eliminate those acids of a base by adding another strong base or acid respectively. Thus the complex nature of the radioactive waste can be eliminated and converted into simpler form to decompose it in an efficient manner.

CONCLUSION:

             Since the nuclear and the radioactive wastes are more dangerous and causes very harmful effects the most common method of disposing the waste is collecting these wastes in a hard concrete barrels and closing that barrel with a hard substrate and then burying those barrels into the deep sea or ocean. This method is probably called as ocean dumping.

             If we do so some times due to the improper disposal there may be a chance of contamination of the sea and ocean which will affect the aquatic life to the most. The transportation accidents during the disposal of these wastes will cause serious consequences due to the exposure of the harmful radiations. The exposure of these radiations will affect the human's life as well.

             If we implement bio remediation in the disposal of nuclear waste or radioactive wastes then it would be easy to overcome all the above mentioned problems.

DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES

REFERENCES:

1. Microbes degrading Mercury-Springer Link Journal article.
2. Pseudomonas bacteria degrading carbon- Pseudomonas putida  encyclopedia citizendium, current microbiology-Springer Link Journal article.
3. Pseudomonas bacteria degrading uranium- Article from American Society of Micro biology.
4. Cyanide decomposing bacteria-Cyanide-Wikipedia
5. Energy citation database- Environ.Sci.Technol.(United States) Journal Volume:19:1.
6. Journal of general microbiology(1976),94,Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Nov 1990,p.3620- American Society of Microbiology.
7. Did Pseudomonas resist radiation- JSTOR research, vol.15, No.6(Dec.,1961) by Radiation Research Society.
8. Oxidation and Reduction reaction of bacteria- Article from American Society of Microbiology.
9. Radioactive wastes- Wikipedia.